Cold Weather Survival Basics

Objective

Stay warm, dry, and functional in sub-freezing environments by managing moisture, wind, and energy.

Scenario (Example)

Example: Unplanned overnight at −8°C with 20 km/h wind; one partner is sweat-soaked.

Layer System

• Base (wicking) — carry a dry spare.
• Mid (insulation) — avoid compression under straps.
• Shell — vent early to prevent sweat.
• Extremities — hat, neck gaiter, glove system, wool socks.

Step-by-Step

1. Wind break + shell on; swap to dry base.
2. Insulate from ground; sit pad or bough bed.
3. Decide hot-wet vs. cold-dry based on move vs. stop.
4. Pitch low A-frame; close ends with brush.
5. Hot, lightly salty drink; keep fuel warm.

Hypothermia Signs

• Mild: shiver/fumble → shelter + warm drink.
• Moderate: clumsy gait → add heat, limit movement.
• Severe: shiver stops → gentle handling, trunk rewarm, evacuate.

Real Example

Adirondacks whiteout: team rotated hot drinks and used the “fumbler” test to trigger a warming stop before moving.

Checklist

• Dry base layer
• Low-pitch tarp
• Stove + windscreen
• Sit pad
• Headlamp, warm batteries

Contingencies

• Wet boots → plastic bag as vapor barrier.
• Wind shift → rotate shelter.
• Fuel low → prioritize hot drinks.

After-Action

Note where you sweated and which vents you missed; pre-stage spare base and stove.

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